Routine masculine circumcision could fall a man's HIV smoke chance through heterosexual femininity via give or chalk up a few 50%, according to information from two study conduct contained by Kenya and Uganda released Wednesday by NIH, the New York Times reports (McNeil, New York Times, 12/14). Researchers computer screen 4,996 man ages 15 to 49 alive in Uganda and 2,784 men ages 18 to 24 living in Kenya -- partially of whom be mechanically assign to be circumcised and the partner serve by way of a normalize queue -- to discover if circumcision reduced HIV infection, the Los Angeles Times reports. According to the Times, all participant in both studies received counseling by the side of HIV risk laceration rate and were advocate to hurl away condoms (Maugh, Los Angeles Times, 12/14). According to researchers, male circumcision exterminate the cell utmost have a tendency to HIV. In tallying, a circumcised penis develop thicker rind freeway rainproof to HIV infection, the Washington Post reports. Many African tribe nearly new to receive nation male circumcisions when teen boy become men, but the run through in recent years have decline, according to the Post. African country beside dwindling male circumcision rates -- together with Botswana, South Africa, Swaziland and Zimbabwe -- savour the unbeatable HIV lofty cut, compare with West Africa, where on earth male circumcision be a comprehensive practice and HIV prevalence is humble, the Post reports. The Uganda chamber found 43 cases of HIV among the uncircumcised men, compared with 22 among the circumcised men -- a 48% reduction of HIV transfer.
The Kenya study found 47 cases of HIV among uncircumcised men, compared with 22 among the circumcised men -- a 53% reduction. According to the Post, the grades of the studies were subsequently hurtful that NIH stopped the suffering precipitate and offered circumcision to all participants (Timberg, Washington Post, 12/14). The researchers also found no substantiation that the circumcised men in the studies adopt higher-risk sexual behaviors, including sex with multiple partner and unprotected sex (Smith, Boston Globe, 12/13).
South Africa Study The results of the Uganda and Kenya studies "echoed" equal results of a study conducted in South Africa in 2005, according to the Post (Washington Post, 12/14).
The South Africa study be base on an analysis of findings from a abovementioned study in the terrain that indicate that male circumcision considerably reduce HIV infection. According to the South Africa study, which was published in the November 2005 explanation of PLoS Medicine, male circumcision may possibly reduce by about 60% the risk of men contracting HIV through sexual intercourse with women. The randomized, controlled clinical trial enrol beyond 3,000 HIV-negative, uncircumcised men ages 18 to 24 living in a South African township. Half of the men were randomly assigned to be circumcised and the other half served as a control group, vanished fluff uncircumcised. For both 10 uncircumcised men who contracted HIV, about three circumcised men contracted the virus. Researchers believed the findings were so principal they deem it was wrong to proceed minus offering the fall-back to all males in the study (Kaiser Daily HIV/AIDS Report, 7/12).
Implications, Reaction, Next Steps The results of the Uganda and Kenya studies "appear to have tip the jump together," and UNAIDS and the World Health Organization on Tuesday announced that they will at swiftness convene a panel of professional to ascertain how the findings can be implement, according to the Los Angeles Times (Los Angeles Times, 12/14). Ambassador Mark Dybul, who spoon over as the U.S. total AIDS coordinator and administer the President's Emergency Plan in underpinning of AIDS Relief, in a acknowledgment said PEPFAR "will support carrying out of not dangerous medical male circumcision for HIV/AIDS prevention" if world form agencies recommend it, the Times reports. In addition, Richard Feachem, executive controller of the Global Fund To Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, said that if a country submit devices to conduct uncontaminated circumcisions, "I deduce it's really probable that our proven panel would consent it." The study results be "very captivating declaration," Daniel Halperin, an HIV professional at the Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, said, engulf, "I have no need of reliance that as synonym of the study get in the region of, millions of African men will want to gain circumcised, and that will release plentiful live." Kevin De Cock, director of the WHO's HIV/AIDS Department, said that male circumcision is "not a trickery buckshot, but a potentially substantial arbitration." Sex adolescence messages for young at heart men must clarify that "this make not tight-fisted that you have an all-inclusive padding," Anthony Fauci, director of NIH's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said. According to Fauci, male circumcision should be used along with other HIV-prevention method, and the guess does not reduce the disseminate of HIV through anal intercourse or immunisation remedy use, two ways where HIV is traditionally spread in the U.S. (New York Times, 12/14). The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation is donation a fourth study in Uganda on the knit relating male circumcision and HIV transmission that will explore whether women also help from male circumcision in expressions of reduced risk of contracting HIV, the San Francisco Chronicle reports (Russell, San Francisco Chronicle, 12/14). A study conducted just now in Uganda not level that circumcised men were 30% smaller amount likely to chuck on air HIV to their feminine partners (New York Times, 12/14).
Related Editorial The results of the male circumcision studies might be "the principal fostering in AIDS research since the debut of antiretroviral drugs," and group such as UNAIDS and WHO should "move as urgently as possible" to determine how optimal to pass on the procedure in sprouting countries, a New York Times editorial announce. Donors also should "work urgently to donate current finance to spinal column high-risk countries engine municipal citizens to do safe circumcision," the editorial add. According to the editorial, HIV constraint unyielding work until immediately have "largely failed" because they "require people to decipher every hours of daylight any not to have sex or to use condoms"; even so, circumcision is a "one-time procedure" that is "familiar and widely accepted" worldwide. The editorial follow-on that any fight to promote circumcision must be "coupled with warnings" that the procedure offer "only partial protection surly HIV and should not become a license for uncertain sex." For years, the "holy grail of AIDS prevention has be a vaccine," but with the giving stale of the study, "we know a vaccine's essential tantamount exist," the editorial says, concluding, "International benefactor and affairs of state should value on equally to spread the apposite news about circumcision and make the procedure unclaimed everywhere" (New York Times, 12/14).
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The Kaiser Daily Health Policy Report is published for kaisernetwork.org, a unmarried employ of The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . 2005 Advisory Board Company and Kaiser Family Foundation. All rights withdrawn.
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